|
| Article Access Statistics | | | Viewed | 3379 | | | Printed | 111 | | | Emailed | 0 | | | PDF Downloaded | 147 | | | Comments | [Add] | | | Cited by others | 2 | | |
|
Click on image for details.
|
|
|
|
| Year : 2016
| Volume
: 9 | Issue : 1 | Page
: 82-84 |
|
| Pandiastolic antegrade flow in patient with severe right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit stenosis: An interesting phenomenon |
|
|
Neeraj Awasthy1, Chintan Bhatt1, Krishna Subramony Iyer2
1 Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
2 Department of Pediatric Cardiac Surgery, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, New Delhi, India
Click here for correspondence address and
email
| Date of Web Publication | 19-Jan-2016 |
|
|
 |
|
 Abstract | | |
In a post operative tetralogy of fallot (TOF) physiology patient, abnormal right ventricular (RV) function remains the greatest matter of concern. Due to restrictive RV diastolic dysfunction, there is detectable antegrade diastolic flow in the pulmonary artery during atrial systole. We report a case of 21 year old male patient with total correction done in infancy using right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. He was relatively asymptomatic with a unique pattern of antegrade diastolic flow in both early and late diastolic phases (pan diastolic). This physiology was supportive and made him relatively asymptomatic. We discuss the physiology and clinical implication of the same. Keywords: Diastolic dysfunction, pandiastolic antegrade flow, postoperative tetrology of Fallot
How to cite this article:
Awasthy N, Bhatt C, Iyer KS. Pandiastolic antegrade flow in patient with severe right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit stenosis: An interesting phenomenon. Ann Pediatr Card 2016;9:82-4 |
How to cite this URL:
Awasthy N, Bhatt C, Iyer KS. Pandiastolic antegrade flow in patient with severe right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit stenosis: An interesting phenomenon. Ann Pediatr Card [serial online] 2016 [cited 2022 Jul 5];9:82-4. Available from: https://www.annalspc.com/text.asp?2016/9/1/82/171388 |
| Introduction | |  |
Abnormal right ventricular (RV) physiology is the most important problem encountered following total correction of tetralogy of fallot (TOF) during late follow-up. Due to the restrictive RV diastolic dysfunction, there is detectable antegrade diastolic flow in the pulmonary artery (PA) during atrial systole. This case report highlights a unique pattern of antegrade diastolic flow in both early and late diastolic phases (pan diastolic) in a patient with severe RV outflow tract (RVOT) obstruction late after conduit repair. We discuss the physiology and clinical implication of the same.
| Case report | | |
A 21-year-old male was diagnosed to have double outlet left ventricle with normally related great arteries, subaortic ventricular septal defect (VSD), and severe pulmonary stenosis for which he underwent VSD closure and placement of RV to PA conduit (16 mm Dacron) at the age of 6 months. He was subsequently lost to follow-up and was asymptomatic until 1-year ago when he started to have mild dyspnea on exertion. On evaluation, he had stable vitals and ejection systolic murmur of grade 2/6 with late peaking at the upper left sternal border.
Echocardiography showed dilated right atrium (8.5 cm × 7 cm) and right ventricle (8 cm × 7 cm). He also had severe RV dysfunction along with tricuspid valve inflow restrictive pattern. Pulsed Doppler of the tricuspid valve during diastole showed higher velocities during the early filling phase (e>a) [Figure 1]a and on tissue Doppler velocities assessment e'> a' [Figure 1]b inferior vena cava (IVC) size was 2.59 cm on inspiration and IVC variation with respiration was 30%. There was severe stenosis of RV to PA conduit with peak gradient of 80 mmHg. The antegrade diastolic flow was detected [Figure 1]c which started after a gap, which correlated with isovolumic relaxation time phase. There was moderate tricuspid regurgitation with a maximum pressure gradient 72 mmHg. The anatomical features were defined by computerized tomography scan [Figure 2]a and b. | Figure 1: (a) Tricuspid inflow pattern was taken in end expiration during quite breathing showing elevated e wave velocity and deceleration time of 180 ms. (b) Tissue Doppler velocity taken across the tricuspid valve. (c) Two-dimensional echocardiography with continuous wave Doppler applied across the right ventricular outflow tract showing the characteristic pandiastolic antegrade flow across the right ventricular outflow tract. (d) Two-dimensional echocardiography with continuous wave Doppler applied across the right ventricular outflow tract showing the systolic antegrade flow into the right ventricular outflow tract with complete disappearance of the pandiastolic antegrade flow across the right ventricular outflow tract
Click here to view |
 | Figure 2: (a) Computerized tomography scan with sagittal cut showing the severely stenosed right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit (marked by arrow) with dilated right ventricle. (b) Computerized tomography scan with axial cut showing the severely stenosed right ventricular to pulmonary artery conduit (arrow) with adequate sized distal branch pulmonary arteries
Click here to view |
He underwent RVOT reconstruction with bovine pericardium and pulmonary valve replacement with a 21 mm bioprosthetic perimount valve (Edwards Life Sciences, Irvine, California, USA) after excision of the previously placed conduit. Postoperative course was uneventful and he was successfully extubated on the 2 nd postoperative day.
Postoperative echocardiography showed well opened RVOT, peak gradient of 20 mmHg, laminar flow in branch pulmonary arteries, mild PR, RV systolic dysfunction in the form of RV fractional area change of 28%, and tricuspid annular plane systolic excursion (TAPSE) of 1.16 cm. RV diastolic dysfunction was present (Tricuspid valve inflow e > a and TDI a > e) suggestive of pseudonormalization. There was no diastolic antegrade flow seen across RVOT [Figure 1]d as was seen preoperatively, left ventricular ejection fraction was normal.
| Discussion | | |
Isolated RV restriction is common after TOF repair. [1] Although it reflects abnormal hemodynamics, the "a" wave contributes to forward pulmonary arterial flow and shortens the duration of pulmonary regurgitation. Consequently, there is less cardiomegaly and improved exercise performance in this group of patients. It was probably because of this reason that our patient was relatively asymptomatic inspite of having a severe stenosis of the RV to PA conduit and severe RV systolic dysfunction. The diastolic dysfunction with severe restrictive pattern favored the physiology. Studies have demonstrated laminar antegrade pulmonary arteries flow in late diastole as a marker of reduce right ventricles diastolic compliance. [2] The restrictive pattern after TOF repair is not rare, but what was unusual was the pandiastolic antegrade flow in our patient. This flow pattern demonstrates that mid-diastolic RV pressure exceeded main PA pressure, which we believe was essentially due to the development of restrictive physiology of the myocardium. Pulmonary regurgitation is now recognized as one of the most important factor in the late follow-up of such patients and it is related to RV dilatation and increases the incidence of arrhythmia and possible sudden death. [3],[4],[5],[6] Hence, there is the emerging importance of RV diastolic events for long-term outcome of TOF repair. This phenomenon of antegrade diastolic flow on Doppler that starts before atrial systole that is, early diastole has not been described in previously. After the repeat surgery diastolic antegrade flow completely disappeared. One possible explanation of the disappearance of the flow pattern after surgery could be because of the placement of pulmonary valve and hence increase in mid-diastolic pressures in main PA, also the disappearance of small pulmonary regurgitation present initially in restrictive right ventricle, decreased the RV diastolic pressures. The pulmonary regurgitation was not an isolated process that was responsible for the diastolic dysfunction preoperatively, rather the compensatory hypertrophy to severe obstruction too contributed to diastolic dysfunction. It was the result of these factors that a protective effect of restrictive physiology was operational in this case making the patient asymptomatic and resulting pandiastolic antegrade flow. This kind of early diastolic antegrade flow across PA needs validation by means of further studies and case series.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Gatzoulis MA, Clark AL, Cullen S, Newman CG, Redington AN. Right ventricular diastolic function 15 to 35 years after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Restrictive physiology predicts superior exercise performance. Circulation 1995;91:1775-81.  |
| 2. | Redington AN, Penny D, Rigby ML, Hayes A. Antegrade diastolic pulmonary arterial flow as a marker of right ventricular restriction after complete repair of pulmonary atresia with intact septum and critical pulmonary valve stenosis. Cardiol Young 1992;2:382-6. |
| 3. | Redington AN, Oldershaw PJ, Shinebourne EA, Rigby ML. A new technique for the assessment of pulmonary regurgitation and its application to the assessment of right ventricular function before and after repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Br Heart J 1988;60:57-65. |
| 4. | Wessel HU, Cunningham WJ, Paul MH, Bastanier CK, Muster AJ, Idriss FS. Exercise performance in tetralogy of Fallot after intracardiac repair. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1980;80:582-93. |
| 5. | Carvalho JS, Shinebourne EA, Busst C, Rigby ML, Redington AN. Exercise capacity after complete repair of tetralogy of Fallot: Deleterious effects of residual pulmonary regurgitation. Br Heart J 1992;67:470-3. |
| 6. | Zahka KG, Horneffer PJ, Rowe SA, Neill CA, Manolio TA, Kidd L, et al. Long-term valvular function after total repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Relation to ventricular arrhythmias. Circulation 1988;78 (5 Pt 2):III14-9. |
Correspondence Address:
Neeraj Awasthy
Department of Pediatric Cardiology, Fortis Escorts Heart Institute, Okhla Road, New Delhi - 110 025
India
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0974-2069.171388
[Figure 1], [Figure 2] |
|
| This article has been cited by | | 1 |
“Diagnosing abnormal end-diastolic forward flow: New definition proposal based on healthy controls” |
|
| Pijuan-Domènech Antonia, Pineda Victor, Ferreira-Gonzalez Ignacio, Marsal Josep-Ramon, Castro Miguel Angel, Sureda-Barbosa Carlos, Valente Filipa, Miranda Berta, Subirana-Domènech Teresa, Dos-Subirà Laura, Garcia-Dorado David, Casaldàliga-Ferrer Jaume | | International Journal of Cardiology Congenital Heart Disease. 2021; 4: 100140 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | | | 2 |
Clinical implications of antegrade diastolic pulmonary artery flow in adults |
|
| Yuri Umeta, Takako Iino, Ken Miura, Kodai Kudo, Yoshikazu Tamura, Wakana Sato, Katsuhito Seki, Kenji Iino, Hiroyuki Watanabe | | Journal of Cardiology. 2021; 78(6): 542 | | [Pubmed] | [DOI] | |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
