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| Year : 2017
| Volume
: 10 | Issue : 2 | Page
: 203-205 |
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| Recanalization of an occluded left pulmonary artery: A case report and review of the literature |
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Ali Ibrahim Elarabi, Ming Chern Leong, Mazeni Alwi
Paediatric and Congenital Heart Centre, Institut Jantung Negara, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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| Date of Web Publication | 25-Apr-2017 |
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 Abstract | | |
We report an 8-year-old male child with tetralogy of Fallot (TOF), who developed left pulmonary artery (LPA) atresia, following surgical repair of TOF and left pulmonary arterioplasty at the age of 6 years. He underwent successful radiofrequency recanalization and stenting of the LPA. The LPA exhibited satisfactory growth for 3 months, following recanalization and stenting.
Keywords: Branch pulmonary artery atresia, pulmonary artery stent, radiofrequency
How to cite this article:
Elarabi AI, Leong MC, Alwi M. Recanalization of an occluded left pulmonary artery: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Pediatr Card 2017;10:203-5 |
How to cite this URL:
Elarabi AI, Leong MC, Alwi M. Recanalization of an occluded left pulmonary artery: A case report and review of the literature. Ann Pediatr Card [serial online] 2017 [cited 2022 Aug 17];10:203-5. Available from: https://www.annalspc.com/text.asp?2017/10/2/203/205157 |
| Introduction | |  |
Pulmonary artery stenosis is estimated to occur in 2–3% of congenital heart disease, especially in tetralogy of Fallot (TOF) with pulmonary atresia or stenosis. The stenosis commonly occurs at the insertion of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) into the pulmonary artery, where it is sometimes referred to as pulmonary coarctation.[1] Pathophysiological effects of pulmonary artery stenosis can be secondary to reduced ipsilateral pulmonary flow giving rise to dyspnea, poor lung growth, or rarely, increased right ventricular pressure.[2]
| Case Report | | |
We report an 8-year-old male child who was referred to our hospital with cardiac failure. He had TOF repair and left pulmonary arterioplasty 2 years ago at the referring hospital. Echocardiogram revealed a large residual muscular outlet ventricular septal defect (VSD), likely following VSD patch dehiscence. There was good flow to the right pulmonary artery, but flow to the left pulmonary artery (LPA) was not visualized. Cardiac catheterization was performed to delineate the LPA.
The presence of VSD was confirmed via angiogram with a Qp: Qs of 1.9:1. The right ventricular pressure was high at 80 mmHg in systole with an end-diastolic pressure of 15 mmHg while the right pulmonary artery pressure was 49/10 (mean 27) mmHg. Angiogram in the main pulmonary artery showed dilated right pulmonary artery while the LPA was completely occluded [Figure 1]a. No stenosis was noted at the right pulmonary artery. Pulmonary vein reverse wedge angiogram via transseptal puncture demonstrated patent but hypoplastic distal LPA [Figure 1]b. | Figure 1: (a) Pulmonary angiogram revealed total occlusion of the left pulmonary artery. (b) Reverse pulmonary venous wedge injection showed healthy distal pulmonary tree. (c) Predilatation of the left pulmonary artery using a coronary balloon before advancement of larger balloon into the left pulmonary artery. (d) Cutting of fibrotic tissues using cutting balloon in preparation for eventual stenting. (e) Angiogram of the left pulmonary artery after stenting using premounted Genesis XD stent
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A 5 Fr multipurpose catheter was used to probe the blind-ending channel of the proximal LPA from the pulmonary trunk using a 0.014'' BMW coronary guidewire (Abbott Vascular, CA, USA) in an attempt at recanalizing the LPA but was unsuccessful. Through the 5 Fr multipurpose catheter at the blind-ending channel, radio-frequency (RF) energy (5 W for 1–2 s) was applied using a Cereblate PA 120 wire (Osypka AG, Rheinfelden, Germany) powered by a Baylis generator (Baylis Medical, QC, Canada). The RF wire passed into the distal left lower lobe branch artery easily. Its position was confirmed by the pulmonary vein reverse wedge injection. The RF wire was then replaced with the 0.014'' BMW guidewire over which a 2 mm × 10 mm coronary balloon was threaded and inflated at the atretic segment of LPA [Figure 1]c. The BMW wire was then replaced with a 0.035'' Amplatz Super Stiff Guidewire to introduce an 8 Fr Mullin's sheath. A 6 mm × 20 mm cutting balloon (Boston Scientific, MA, USA) was then used to allow for further balloon dilatation [Figure 1]d and [Figure 1]e. A 10 mm × 17 mm Genesis XD (Cordis Corporations, FL, USA) was used to stent the atretic segment, and the stent was further dilated using an 8 mm × 40 mm Powerflex PTA balloon (Cordis Corporations, FL, USA). The patient was discharged 3 days after the procedure with aspirin at 5 mg/kg and readmitted 4 weeks later for revision of the VSD patch. The aspirin was planned for long term to reduce the risk of in-stent stenosis.
Repeat cardiac catheterization 3 months later showed that the LPA stent was patent and the LPA had increased in size with improved left lung arborization [Figure 2]a. A localized segment of the left lower lobe artery was stenosed (2.4 mm) as compared to segments proximal and distal to it (4.6 and 5 mm, respectively) [Figure 2]b. It was redilated using an 8 mm × 20 mm peripheral Flextome cutting balloon (Boston Scientific, MA, USA) over a V-18 ControlWire (Boston Scientific, MA, USA) with satisfactory results [Figure 2]c. In addition, a Formula 418 Expandable stent (Cook Medical, IN, USA) was implanted to the stenotic segment distal to the first stent. Post-re-intervention, the LPA and distal pulmonary arterial tree appear healthy and are of satisfactory size for future growth [Figure 2]d. A repeat cardiac catheterization 4 months after the initial intervention showed reduction of the right ventricular pressure of 41 end-diastolic pressure 8 mmHg (simultaneous aortic pressure: 91/50 mmHg, mean: 66 mmHg). | Figure 2: (a) Angiogram 3 months after the initial left pulmonary artery stenting showed patent left pulmonary artery stent. The pulmonary arterial tree is healthy. (b) The distal branch pulmonary artery demonstrates mild discrete segments of stenosis (arrow). (c) Balloon dilatation of the distal pulmonary artery performed to encourage further pulmonary arterial growth. (d) Healthy size, distal pulmonary arteries after redilatations
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| Discussion | | |
Branch pulmonary artery stenosis may occur at the insertion of the PDA in TOF with pulmonary stenosis or atresia.[1] Its cause has been postulated to be due to presence of ductal tissue in the pulmonary arterial wall, which constricts as part of the PDA closure process.[1],[3] In series involving transcatheter treatment of branch pulmonary artery stenosis, TOF stood out to be the most common cardiac lesion to be affected.[4],[5] Pulmonary artery balloon angioplasty and/or stenting (rehabilitation) is one of the most common procedures performed in cardiac catheterization laboratories treating congenital heart disease.[6]
Recanalization of occluded branch pulmonary arteries should ideally be performed as soon as possible as after the vessel is occluded; there will be organization and tissue ingrowth into the occluded segment. It is generally much easier to recanalize vessels before this tissue organization proceeds to a significant extent. The occlusion can be crossed by simple guidewire manipulation. In cases of chronic occlusion, however, direct penetration of the tissue is necessary. This type of direct penetration can be accomplished using sharp instruments such as a transseptal needle or the stiff end of a high tip load guidewire.[7],[8] However, there is inherent risk of failure to apply sufficient force in the required direction due to the tortuosity of the course or too much force applied causing penetration of vessel wall. In this situation, radiofrequency (RF) energy can be used to “clear a pathway” to allow for passage of guidewire with much less applied force. The flexibility of the RF wire allows better positioning at the targeted spot while the energy delivery is controlled. This method of recanalization showed successes in recanalizing occluded vessels.[9],[10] The major disadvantage of this approach, however, is that there is destruction of tissue, rather than penetration, which may increase the chance of bleeding if the penetrating implement exits the vascular lumen.[11]
As such, it is imperative that the pulmonary vein wedge angiography is performed to determine the patency of the vessel distal to the occluded site and to ascertain that the RF wire is within the vessel lumen, following recanalization before advancing larger caliber catheter or balloon.
It is generally accepted that younger children have high potential for growth, following rehabilitation.[12] The alveolar and pulmonary arterial growth is less as the child grows. However, our patient has demonstrated that satisfactory growth may still be achievable in older children. This success suggests that rehabilitation should be attempted in a growing child irrespective of age as long as there is still growth potential.
The real challenge in such branch pulmonary artery rehabilitation lies in the feasibility of multiple redilatation of small stents to trail somatic growth. It is imperative that stents implanted permanently in a branch pulmonary artery of a growing child should be redilatable to an adult size pulmonary artery diameter later. The Genesis XD and formula stents are among those that may be used. In addition, in severe cases of stenosis – cutting balloons, which are lined with 3–4 rows of atherotomes, may be used. They have the advantage of scoring the fibrotic tissues longitudinally without applying extra vessel stress to allow for more radial expansion during balloon dilatation. This allows for placement of larger stents as in our patient.
Looking forward, bioabsorbable stents now used in coronary stenting may be a promising proposition.[13] The stent dissolves over a period thus giving rise to opportunity for future restenting using a larger stent. However, its use beyond the coronary arteries has had very limited application. They may lack the radial strength for densely fibrotic lesions, for example, in lesions similar to our case. Moreover, current available sizes are only suitable for coronary vessels.
Recanalization and rehabilitation of chronically occluded pulmonary artery with RF energy, cutting balloons, and stents is feasible and beneficial even in older children.
Financial support and sponsorship
Nil.
Conflicts of interest
There are no conflicts of interest.
| References | | |
| 1. | Elzenga NJ, von Suylen RJ, Frohn-Mulder I, Essed CE, Bos E, Quaegebeur JM. Juxtaductal pulmonary artery coarctation. An underestimated cause of branch pulmonary artery stenosis in patients with pulmonary atresia or stenosis and a ventricular septal defect. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1990;100:416-24.  |
| 2. | Trivedi KR, Benson LN. Interventional strategies in the management of peripheral pulmonary artery stenosis. J Interv Cardiol 2003;16:171-88. |
| 3. | Luhmer I, Ziemer G. Coarctation of the pulmonary artery in neonates. Prevalence, diagnosis, and surgical treatment. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1993;106:889-94. |
| 4. | Zeevi B, Berant M, Blieden LC. Midterm clinical impact versus procedural success of balloon angioplasty for pulmonary artery stenosis. Pediatr Cardiol 1997;18:101-6. |
| 5. | Shaffer KM, Mullins CE, Grifka RG, O'Laughlin MP, McMahon W, Ing FF, et al. Intravascular stents in congenital heart disease: Short- and long-term results from a large single-center experience. J Am Coll Cardiol 1998;31:661-7. |
| 6. | Holzer RJ, Gauvreau K, Kreutzer J, Leahy R, Murphy J, Lock JE, et al. Balloon angioplasty and stenting of branch pulmonary arteries: Adverse events and procedural characteristics: Results of a multi-institutional registry. Circ Cardiovasc Interv 2011;4:287-96. |
| 7. | Thrush PT, Mackman CA, Lawrence P, Naguib A, Yates AR, Cassidy SD, et al. An institutional approach to interventional strategies for complete vascular occlusions. Pediatr Cardiol 2011;32:713-23. |
| 8. | Mitsudo K, Yamashita T, Asakura Y, Muramatsu T, Doi O, Shibata Y, et al. Recanalization strategy for chronic total occlusions with tapered and stiff-tip guidewire. The results of CTO new techniQUE for STandard procedure (CONQUEST) trial. J Invasive Cardiol 2008;20:571-7. |
| 9. | Kort HW, Balzer DT. Radiofrequency perforation in the treatment of acquired left pulmonary artery atresia following repair of tetralogy of Fallot. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2003;60:79-81. |
| 10. | El Tahlawi M, Bonello B, Fraisse A. Radiofrequency recanalization of an occluded long segment left pulmonary artery in bidirectional cavopulmonary anastomosis. Catheter Cardiovasc Interv 2010;75:773-7. |
| 11. | Latson LA, Qureshi AM. Techniques for transcatheter recanalization of completely occluded vessels and pathways in patients with congenital heart disease. Ann Pediatr Cardiol 2010;3:140-6. |
| 12. | Davies G, Reid L. Growth of the alveoli and pulmonary arteries in childhood. Thorax 1970;25:669-81. |
| 13. | Hascoët S, Baruteau A, Jalal Z, Mauri L, Acar P, Elbaz M, et al. Stents in paediatric and adult congenital interventional cardiac catheterization. Arch Cardiovasc Dis 2014;107:462-75. |
Correspondence Address:
Ali Ibrahim Elarabi
Paediatric and Congenital Heart Centre, Institut Jantung Negara, 145, Jalan Tun Razak, Kuala Lumpur 50400
Malaysia
 Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None  | Check |
DOI: 10.4103/0974-2069.205157
[Figure 1], [Figure 2] |
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